Classroom Management

WHAT IS CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT?

Based on what i have studied, classroom management is ways of organizing the resources, pupils and helpers so that the teaching and the learning can process in an efficient and safe manner. It creates both the best situation in which the students can learn and the teacher can teach.

PHYSICAL 

Physically arrange the classroom in a way that minimizes distractions and facilitates teacher-student interaction. Teachers are responsible to create a climate in which students feel they belong are intrinsically motivated to learn. Besides, teachers should set reasonable limits for their student's behavior. Plan activities that encourage on-task behavior and continually monitor what students are doing. Teachers also modify instructional strategies when necessary.

Seating arrangement for students and teachers?  

Studies have reported that seating arrangement impact the learning process. Lets survey how far that statement is true. DOES SEATING ARRANGEMENT INFLUENCE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS?

Seating arrangement in classroom is very important for both students and teachers. This is because seating arrangement may be cause for the decline of student performance as attention span, concentration, comprehension and the retaining of information can be influenced by where the student choose to sit. Besides, teachers also need to choose the best area in class to set his/her table as a seating position for them so that they can monitor all

the students and not even one student is left. This is because teachers can keep an eye on their student when teaching and learning process occurs. Therefore, seating arrangement in classroom has to take note.

ANDRAGOGY vs PEDAGOGY

The term ANDRAGOGY was originally used by Alexander Knapp (a German educator) in the year of 1833 and was developed into a theory of adult educator by the American educator, Malcolm Knowles. Based on what I have learnt is that ANDRAGOGY has been used by some to allow discussion of the difference between self directed education and taught education. There are five main subtopics that we have to look up on how does ANDRAGOGY works as well. Firstly is the learner. Basically in this approach, the learner is self directed and the learner is responsible for his/her own learning as self evaluation is one of the characteristic of this approach. Besides, we also need to take note on the role of the  learner's experiences. The learner brings a greater volume and quality of experience where adults are rich resource for one another. Our experience becomes the source of self-identity because different experiences assure diversity in groups of adults. Moreover, the fact that we need to give attention is that our readiness to learn something. This is because any changes is likely to trigger a readiness to learn. The need to know in order to perform more  effectively in some aspect of one's life is important. Therefore, ability to assess gaps between where one is now and where one wants and needs to be is important. When it comes to ANDRAGOGY, the orientation of learning will be slightly different compare to pedagogy where learners need to perform a task, solve a problem and live in a more satisfying way. Our learning process should be relevant to real-life task and learning is organized around life or work situations rather than subject matter units. Besides, our motivation for learning is self-esteem, recognition, better quality life, self-confidence and self-actualization. 

PEDAGOGY is a simple approach where is all about teacher-centered. Content of PEDAGOGY approach is lesser compared to ANDRAGOGY approach where this approach is easy and more convenient in understanding . The learner is more likely dependent upon the instructor for all learning where the teacher or instructor assumes full responsibility for what is taught and how it is learned. The teacher or instructor evaluates the learner's learning. The role of the learner's experience is that the learner comes to the activity with only little experience that could  be tapped as a resource for learning and the experience of the instructor is most influential. Besides, students are told what they have to learn in order to advance to the next level of mastery which is totally oppose with  ANDRAGOGY. Orientation of learning is that content units are sequenced according to the logic and a process of acquiring prescribed subject matter. PEDAGOGY primarily motivates by external pressures, competition for grades and consequence of failure. 

Lastly, there are difference between ANDRAGOGY and PEDAGOGY. Both the approach has its own importance and benefits as both is useful in daily life for the learners. Learners have to take note on this both approaches as well. 

The Constructivism..!

Based on what I have learned is that the theory of CONSTRUCTIVISM is an approach to learning suggesting that children must construct their own understandings of the world in which they live. In comparison to behaviorism, the learner is not blank state but instead brings past experiences and cultural factors to a situation and new information is constructed from prior knowledge. Besides, Its a learning theory of educational philosophy that many educators began to consider in the 1990's. Students are require to use their prior knowledge and experiences to formulate new, related and or adaptive concepts in learning. Teachers act as a facilitator in providing guidelines for students whereas learners construct their own knowledge. The purpose of CONSTRUCTIVISM is to enable students to acquire information readily understood and usable.

WHAT IT IS???

-Based on background knowledge, connect to new knowledge

-Student centered

-students learn how to learn

WHAT IT ISN'T???

-Teacher centered

-Skills in isolation

CHARACTERISTICS???

WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTIVISM DO???

• Expand opportunities to learn new things
• Enhance creative and intellectual development with flexibility
• Engage in personally meaningful projects
• Participate in collaboration, communication and publishing
• Empower students to succeed in the 21st century

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECT INSTRUCTION:

• Teacher-directed and teacher dominated
• Teaching of skill where students gain 'how' rather then 'what' and each step must be mastered
• Form of learning through imitation
• The level of performance can be assess from the number of steps performed correctly

There are two types of theory in direct instruction which are known as MASTERY TEACHING and DIRECT INSTRUCTION SYSTEM FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING. Mastery teaching is knowing about everything as the name itself is mastering. This helps students getting to learn about input and modelling. Its about checking understanding and guided practice as well. There are few philosophers involves in this theory which are known as John Piaget, John Dewey, Maria Montesorry and Lev Vygotsky. For example :

Furthermore, direct instruction system for teaching and learning is also known as DISTAR which is for slow learners of special need students. Basically, we need to find out what student need to know and teach them based on learning theory. Concept of DISTAR is every child is not left behind, catch up all the students equally and all the teachers are able to use this concept for special students.

Cooperative Learning

Cooperative learning is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of varying abilities, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject. Cooperative learning is an instructional strategy that simultaneously addresses academic and social skill learning by students. It is a well-researched instructional strategy and how been reported to be highly successful in the classroom. Students work together in small groups and learn through interaction with each other while the teacher coaches the process.

ELEMENTS OF COOPERATIVE

Face-to-Face Interaction

- the physical arrangement of students in small, heterogeneous groups encourages students to help, share and support each other's learning.

Individual Accountability

- each student is responsible for the success and collaboration of the group and for mastering the assigned task. 

Interpersonal and Small Group Skills

- students are taught , coached and monitored in the use of cooperative social skills which enhance the group.

Positive Interdependence

- students are guided by common goal, group rewards, role assignments and other means in completing the learning task.

Group Processing

- students reflect on how well they work as a group to complete the task and how they can improve their teamwork.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING???

• STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISIONS (STAD)
• TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENT (TGT)
• TEAMS ASSISTED INDIVIDUALIZATION (TAI)
• COOPERATIVE INTEGRATED READING AND COMPOSITION (CIRC)

Cooperative learning strategy in which small groups of learners with different levels of ability work together to accomplish a shared learning goal.

Cooperative learning strategy where students work together in groups and are responsible for their team mates learning as well as their own and compete in tournaments against other teams to test for learning.

Developed for mathematics instruction in grades three to six. It was specifically intended to avoid some of the problems encountered with individualized programmed instruction. 

Reading and writing programmer for students in grades two to six. Daily lessons provide students with an opportunity to practice comprehension and reading skills in pairs and small groups. There are three elements on this type which are known as reading comprehension, story-related activities and integrated language arts/writing instruction. Students are able to understand their main ideas of a story and work through the writing activities linked to the story. 

In my point of view, cooperative learning is also called as collaborative learning. It occurs whenever students interact in pair or groups to share knowledge and experience. All activities in which students work together head towards a common goals from interacting with daily partners to complete long term projects with learning communities are cooperative learning activities.Besides, student benefits throughout cooperative learning process because students are able to collaborate, communicate and create. This could higher student achievement, increase their productivity, higher level reasoning, transfer of knowledge, heightened self-confidence, increase their independence and autonomy. This could seriously form attitudes and values of a student besides provides models of proposal behavior. Student presents alternative perspectives and view points as well. I believe that cooperative learning gives a proper way of learning in and outside the classroom and this is one of the best element that teachers and students should take note. It is very important for students based on my research.

School Of Thought...

SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

A particular philosophy or way of thinking about something. Its a set of ideas or opinions that a group of people share about a matter.

The Cognitive School Of Thought

It is divided into three categories which are known as information processing, meaningful learning and cognitive approaches to teaching and learning. Information processing is the study of how we mentally take in and store information and then retrieve it when needed. Besides, meaningful learning divided into three parts which are known as reception learning, reciprocal teaching and problem solving. Reception learning is the most general ideas of  a subject should be presented first and then progressively differentiated in terms of details and specificity. Reciprocal teaching is summarizing, question generating, clarifying and predicting. Then it finally come to problem solving where we find out a proper solution as well. Cognitive approaches in teaching is an expository as information is given in a structural and organized process ( top-down ). The student's role in this is passive, consuming and 'breathing in'. The teachers will be the constitutive element in this case.  Besides, Cognitive approaches in learning is a way of learning that is based on abstract mental processes and previous knowledge. Through this approach, we are able to learn a very abstract and subtle things that could not have been learned through conditioning or social learning. Cognitive is studied by focusing on how complex knowledge is obtained, processed and organized.

The Humanistic School Of Thought

The humanistic approach has its roots in phenomenological and existentialist thought. Eastern philosophy and psychology also plays a central role in humanistic teaching. It is an approach in study, philosophy or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. It is a system of thought that rejects religious beliefs and centers on humans and their values, capacities and worth. There are few elements in this thought which are known as self actualization, esteem, belonging, safety and physiological. It has its own meaning for each of this elements. Self actualization is achieving individual potential. Esteem is self- esteem and esteem from others. Belonging is love affection and being a part of groups. Besides, safety is shelter, removal from danger. Physiological is health,food, sleep and so. Humanistic approach in teaching is helps the students learn  by taking into account their need, values, motives and self-perceptions. Teachers must accept student as as they are and guide students to the correct actions. Humanistic approach in learning is that the students must focus on hidden internal experiences and emphasis the role of feelings must be incorporated into learning experiences. Students must maintain that they need to be empowered and to have control over the learning process so the teachers relinquishes a great deal of authority and becomes a facilitator.

Behavioral School Of Thought

It has developed in part because of perceived weaknesses in the assumption of classical school. The behavioral school focused on trying to understand the factors that affect human behavior at work. This has been divided into few categories which are :

Contiguity Theory

A combination of stimulus which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tends to be followed by that movement.

Classical Conditioning

A signal is placed before reflex. It also called as 'respondent conditioning'. It was developed in Russia known as 'Pavlovian'. It works with involuntary behavior. A new, involuntary response is acquired as a result of two stimuli being presented at the same time.

Operant  Conditioning

A reinforcing or punishing stimulus is given after behavior. It was developed in U.S. It also known as 'skinnerian' and called as 'instrumental conditioning'. It works as voluntary behavior. It means is a form of learning in which response increases in frequency as a result of being followed by reinforcement or punishment.

Social Learning

Is as old as the existence of organization. It happens at training conference, business launches, company events, team building and etc.

Behavioral Approaches In Teaching

Teachers should encourage students to do their best work and to encourage improvement. Teachers also must let the students know what they can do it and can do it well. This approaches can be useful in teaching.

What is PEDAGOGY?

WHAT IS

The meaning of pedagogy is the art, science or profession of teaching especially in education. It is important to understand how learning occurs. A teacher cannot just stand at the front of a classroom relaying their knowledge and notes expecting students to listen, understand and leave the lesson  filled with knowledge. Students need to construct their own understanding with teachers using various teaching methods to engage students to access the very best learning in order to shape their own intellectual journey.

Viewing classroom as an activity and educational experimentation system with a focus on context and method of teaching by assuming students as co-constructor of knowledge Along with context, the understanding of learning processes and situation is induced in both teacher and learner.Pedagogy is how learning happens and curriculum is the content of learning. Curriculum and pedagogy are shaped by views of students, the role of educators and families and the inter-relationship between them.

Is All About Me!

Hi, my name is Shamita. People use to call me Sha as my nick name. I'm from Penang. I'm too young as i'm just 21 years old. I'm in a relationship. My date of birth is on 28th February 1994 and my place of birth is Hospital Bukit Mertajam. I do speak Malay, English and also Tamil. My favorite place would be my home. This is because i love being with my family and spending time with the kids and babies at home. Normally, I don't go out anywhere if all my family members are at home. My favorite colors would be the colors which are bright and attractive. Basically, I love most of the foods here at my hometown. This is because as others know Penang food are really delicious as well as the food here taste really good. Most of all, I'm the type of tasting all different types of food available here so I don't really fix only one food as my favorite dish whereas there are few favorite dishes of mine. Nasi Lemak, Roti Canai, Nasi Kandar and many more can be included as my favorite food as well. Besides, my favorite drinks would be something which is tasty.
   
When I'm too bored or during my leisure time, I really need someone or a partner to talk with or hang out somewhere where i could find peace. Sometimes, I also do serve net for example social networks as Facebook, Instagram and others. Thus, this can really give a relaxation for me. Besides, I love going out searching for food when I'm too free. This can also make me calm for some time. I don't really do something which is beneficial for me during my leisure time. So, these are my hobbies. My ambition is to be a dedicated counselor in future. I wish that i don't really stick with only one job after my studies because i love exploring other fields as well. I would like to try other careers which is related to the course i'm studying now for example teacher, lecturer and so.

Setting obtainable or realistic goals in attaining what i need and want is to help students who are struggling to overcome problems in their studies for example method of learning, time dividing for studies and other activities, ideas to pursue their further studies and so. Besides, my teaching philosophy which defines the standard of being an individual in my profession is to increase student's self-awareness and self-confidence in their studies. I will act as the guidance and facilitator along their journey as well. As a teacher, I won’t act as self-appointed expert on student's life on what he/she should be thinking, feeling and doing. I won’t readily provide solutions to student's problems regarding their studies. It is my job to help students identify, develop and mobilize their own resources to successfully get their solution and meet challenges.